Good Rich, Bad Rich: Perceptions About the Extremely Wealthy and Their Sources of Wealth
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18533/ijbsr.v4i8.585Keywords:
Character and Competence, Earned vs. Unearned Wealth, Horatio Alger Effect, Justification of Wealth, Perceptions of WealthAbstract
We compare and contrast Americans’ perceptions of four sources of extreme wealth: Executive, Financial Trader, Entrepreneur, and Heir, and find positive perceptions of the Entrepreneur’s wealth, and negative perceptions of the Heir and the Financial Trader. Respondents read biographies of each archetype, controlling for quantity of wealth and personal attributes, recording their impressions of the character and competence of the individual and the justification of that person’s wealth. Findings are discussed in the context of socio-cultural norms affecting our perceptions of the extremely wealthy and the sources of their wealth.
References
Adams, S. (2012). Why Romney lost: Conservative commentary roundup. Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/sites/susanadams/2012/11/07/why-romney-lost-conservative-commentary-roundup/.
Arguinis, H., Joo, H. and Gottfredson, R. K. (2013). What monetary rewards can and cannot do: How to show employees the money. Business Horizons, 56, 241–249.
Aristotle (1932). The rhetoric of Aristotle. (Lane Cooper trans). New York City, NY: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
Berinsky, A., Huber, G. and Lenz, G. (2012). Evaluating online labor markets for experimental research: Amazon.com’s mechanical Turk. Political Analysis, 20, 351–368.
Belk, R.W. and Wallendorf, M. (1990). The sacred meanings of money. Journal of Economic Psychology, 11, 35–67.
Cascio, W. F. and Cappelli, P. (2009). Lessons from the financial services crisis: Danger lies where questionable ethics intersect with company and individual incentives. HR Magazine, 54, 46-50.
Christopher, A. N. and Schenkler, B. (2005). The Protestant work ethic and attributions of responsibility: Applications of the triangle model. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 35, 1502-1515.
Forgas, J.P. Morris, S. and Furnham, A. (1982). Lay explanations of wealth: attributions for economic success. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 12, 381-397.
Furnham, A. (1984). Many sides of the coin: The psychology of money usage. Personality and Individual Differences, 5, 501–509.
Furnham, A. and Argyle, M. (1998). The psychology of money. New York, NY: Routledge.
Furnham, A. Kirkcaldy, B. D. and Lynn, R. (1994). National attitudes to competitiveness, money and work among young people: First, second, and third world differences. Human Relations, 47, 119–132.
Furnham, A. and Okamura, R. (1999). Your money or your life: Behavioral and emotional predictors of money pathology. Human Relations, 52, 1157–1177.
Gebeloff, R. and Dewan, S. (2012). Measuring the top 1% by wealth, not income. The New York Times, from http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/01/17/measuring-the-top-1-by-wealth-not-income/.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work related values. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations, across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Josephson, M. (1934). The robber barons: The great American capitalists, 1861–1901. New York City, NY: Harcourt, Brace and Company.
Kaplan, S. N. and Rauh, J. D. (2013). Family, education, and sources of wealth of richest Americans 1982-2012. American Economic Review, 103, 158–162.
Kornhauser, M. (1994). The morality of money: American attitudes toward wealth and the income tax. Indiana Law Journal, 70, 119–169.
Krueger, D. W. (1986). Money, success, and success phobia. In D. W. Krueger (Ed.), The last taboo: Money as a symbol and reality in psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. New York City, NY: Brunner/Mazel.
Lafrance, A. and LaRochelle-Côté, S. (2012). The evolution of wealth over the life cycle. Perspectives on Labour and Income, 24, 1–16.
Lindgren, H. C. (1991). The psychology of money. Odessa, FL: Krieger Publishing Co.
McCroskey, J. and Young, T. (1981). Ethos and credibility: The construct and its measurement after three decades. Central States Speech Journal, 32, 24–34.
Miller, S. M. (1997). Born on third base: The sources of wealth of the 1997 Forbes 400. United for a fair economy, from http://www.faireconomy.org/press_room/1997/born_on_third_base_sources_of_wealth_of_1997_forbes_400 .
Mitchell, T. R. and Mickel, A. (1999). The meaning of money: An individual difference perspective. Academy of Management Review, 24, 568–578.
Murray, C. (2012). Why capitalism has an image problem. Wall Street Journal, from http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10000872396390443931404577549223178294822.html .
Peterson, S. J. and Luthans, F. (2006). The impact of financial and non financial incentives of business-unit outcomes over time. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91, 156¬-165.
Piketty, T. (2014). Capital in the twenty-first century. Cambridge, MA, London England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Poduska, B. (1992). Money, marriage, and Maslow's hierarchy of needs. American Behavioral Scientist, 35, 756–770.
Pornpitakpan, C. (2004). The persuasiveness of source credibility: A critical review of five decades’ evidence. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34, 243–281.
Prince, M. (1993). Self-concept, money beliefs and values. Journal of Economic Psychology, 14, 161¬–173.
Rosenblatt, P. C., de Mik, L., Anderson, R. M. and Johnson, P. (1985). The family in business. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Publishers.
Schulze, W., Lubatkin, M. H., Dino, R. and Buchholtz, A. K. (2001), Agency relationship in family firms: Theory and evidence. Organization Science, 12, 99–116.
Shane, S., Locke, E. A. and Collins, C. J. (2003). Entrepreneurial motivation. Human Resource Management Review, 13, 257–279.
Stevens, B. (2013). How ethical are U.S. business executives? A study of perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 117, 361–369. doi: 10.1007/s10551-012-1510-4.
Sussman, A. and Shafir, E. (2012). On assets and debt in the psychology of perceived wealth. Psychological Science, 23, 101–108.
Tang, T. L. P. (1995). The development of a short money ethic scale: Attitudes towards money and pay satisfaction revisited. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 809–816.
Tang, T. L. P. and Gilbert, P. R. (1995). Attitudes toward money as related to intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction, stress and work related attitudes. Personality and Individual Differences, 19, 327–332.
Thaler, R. H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, 12, 183–206.
Withers, M., Hillman, A. and Cannella, A. Jr. (2012). A multidisciplinary review of the director selection literature. Journal of Management, 38, 243–277.
Wolff, E. N. (2010). Recent trends in household wealth in the United States: Rising debt and the middle-class squeeze - an update to 2007 (March 2010). Levy Economics Institute Working Papers Series No. 159. Available at http://ssrn.com/abstract=1585409.
Wolff, E. (2012). The asset price meltdown and the wealth of the middle class. Paper presented at the 2012 APPAM Fall Research Conference, November 2012, Baltimore, MD. Available at https://appam.confex.com/appam/2012/webprogram/Paper2134.html.
Yamauchi, K. and Templer, D. (1982). The development of a money attitude scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 522–552.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).